AFCI (Arc Fault Circuit Breaker)

Air Handling Unit (AHU)

The AHU is a large metal box containing a blower, heating or cooling elements, filter racks, and dampers. It takes in outside air and indoor return air, conditions it to the desired temperature and humidity, and then forces it through the ductwork to distribute it throughout the building.

 Thermostat

The user interface for setting and monitoring room temperature.

The thermostat acts as the primary interface between the user and the HVAC system. It senses the ambient room temperature and allows users to input their desired setpoints, sending signals to the controller to turn heating or cooling on or off.

Temperature Sensor

Measures air or fluid temperature at specific points in the system.

Unlike a thermostat on a wall, these dedicated sensors are placed inside ductwork, pipes, or specific equipment. They provide continuous thermal data to the controller so the system can monitor how well the heating or cooling coils are performing.

Humidity Sensor

Measures the moisture levels in the air.

Also known as a humidistat or hygrometer, this sensor monitors relative humidity. If the air is too dry or too damp, it signals the controller to activate humidifiers or adjust cooling cycles to dehumidify the space for occupant comfort and mold prevention.

Pressure Sensor

Monitors air or fluid pressure inside ducts and pipes.

These sensors detect static or differential pressure. In ductwork, they ensure the fan isn't over-pressurizing the system. They are also vital across air filters; a sudden drop in pressure indicates a clogged filter that needs replacement.

Remote Sensors

Specialized, detached sensors used for localized data gathering.

These are auxiliary sensors placed away from the main control units—often outdoors or deep within specific zones—to give the master controller a more accurate, comprehensive picture of environmental conditions affecting the building.

Control Panel

The control panel acts as the physical cabinet that centralizes circuit breakers, relays, power supplies, and terminal blocks. It organizes the complex wiring and protects sensitive electronic control components from dust and damage.

Controller
The controller is a programmable microprocessor (like a DDC or PLC controller). It receives input data from all the sensors (temperature, pressure, humidity), processes that data against user setpoints, and uses programmed logic to send output commands to mechanical parts like valves, dampers, and fans.

Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)

A VFD controls the speed of AC motors (like those on fans and pumps) by adjusting the frequency and voltage of the electrical power supplied to them. Instead of running a fan at 100% capacity all day, the VFD slows it down when demand is low, drastically reducing energy consumption.

Fan & Blower

Driven by an electric motor, the fan/blower creates the pressure differential needed to pull stale air out of rooms and force freshly conditioned air through the supply ducts and into the building spaces.

Motorized Damper

A damper consists of movable blades inside a duct. When motorized, it can automatically adjust its position to completely block airflow, let fresh outside air in, or mix return air with outdoor air to optimize energy efficiency.

Smoke Detector

Installed inside the return or supply air ducts, duct smoke detectors are critical life-safety devices. If smoke is detected, they instantly signal the controller to shut down fans and close specific fire dampers to prevent toxic smoke from being circulated throughout the building.HVAC control equipment

Valves

Responding directly to digital commands from a DDC or BMS controller, they precisely throttle or divert fluid to match the exact heating and cooling demands of the facility.